The takeaways from the UN World Water Conference | 6th April 2023 | UPSC Daily Editorial Analysis

What's the article about?

• It talks about the recently concluded World Water Conference and its outcomes.

Relevance:

• GS3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment;
• Essay;
• Prelims

Context:

• Recently, the first UN Water Conference on freshwater in almost five decades concluded in New York on 22-24 March, co-hosted by the Netherlands and Tajikistan.
• It was held in the context of serious environmental issues — flooding, drought, the severity of climate change and a looming food crisis.
• The conference also marked a mid-term review of the Water Action Decade 2018-2028 which envisages the sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
• The central outcome of the conference was the international Water Action Agenda, to which governments, multilateral institutions, businesses, and non-governmental organisations submitted over 670 commitments to address water security issues.
• While the commitments embodied in the Water Action Agenda are voluntary and, therefore, legally non-binding, the voluntary commitments are expected to inspire the collective political will, which is needed to address the many water challenges.

Analysis:

To fulfil the commitments that were pointed out during this conference, the following challenges need to be addressed.

• Poor finances and thus poor water services:
  • Meeting this target by 2030 (as envisioned by the SDG) will incur capital expenditures of $114 billion per year.
  • The World Bank estimates recurring operations and maintenance for basic water and sanitation service (WASH) costs to rise from about $4 billion to over $30 billion per year by 2030, which is far more than the capital costs for basic WASH services.
  • The World Resources Institute (WRI) is of the view that the commitments made by the states reflected rigour, scope, and ambition but they lacked proper finance and targets that are quantifiable in nature.
  • Investment of this range would require valuing water, which in turn requires robust water measurement and accounting.
  • Funding from regional, national, and international sources prioritises new water infrastructure rather than on water maintenance services (World Bank study).  It results in decreased service for water customers.
  • The World Bank estimates project recurring operations and maintenance service (WASH) costs to rise from about $4 billion to over $30 billion per year by 2030, which is far more than the capital costs for basic WASH services.
  • Water does not qualify to be a global public goods as it is not considered to be an area of urgent funding as compared to climate change.
  • The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is the only international funding mechanism that has been able to cover more than 300 watersheds and an even greater number of aquifers across the political boundaries of two or more states with its grant and concessional loan.
• Voluntary nature of the commitments:
  • In international law, states possess the authority to make voluntary commitments to address issues of global concern. These commitments are distinguished from other legal forms because they are not made pursuant to a consensus instrument to which the parties have agreed. They are generally independent of the commitments of other parties’.
  • As a result, while some states may work really hard to accomplish them, some states do not even make the necessary efforts to get there.
• Poor coordination between similar international laws, conventions or bodies:
  • The 2023 Water Conference takes place within the context of SDG 6, and not within the context of the UN Water Convention 1997 and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention 1992, the two legally binding legal instruments on regulation of trans-boundary river water courses.
  • But the target embodied in 6.5 of the SDG 6 focusing on ‘implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate’ is a common thread between the Water Conference and the two conventions.

India at the conference:

• India’s commitments at the conference were: an investment of $240 billion in the water sector and efforts to restore groundwater level.
• A 2021 CAG report says that groundwater extraction in India increased from 58% to 63% between 2004-17.
• This has been further exacerbated by climate change resulting in intermittent rainfall, which further undermines the recharge potential.
• The revised Groundwater Bill 2017 vests State groundwater boards with creating laws, managing water allocation and other relevant issues.
• The State boards are understaffed, and lack in expertise and prioritising socio-political conflicts over groundwater resources.

Way Forward:

• Voluntary commitments are becoming an important feature in the environmental law vista, but they raise difficult issues of accountability.
• Commitments made by the states with different formats and with different content pose challenges in terms of monitoring compliance with each commitment. Voluntary commitments are perhaps just a necessary step in the face of inaction.